Deffinition : Fungi refers to the multicellular eukaryotic, saprophytes, heteromorphic, and which have no mechanisms for locomotion in thats organism.
characteristics:
Fungi are eukaryotic.
They have no chlorophyll.
They acquired nutrients by absorption.
They have no mechanisms for locomotion. The thallus or body of a fungus may consists of a single cell. They have no vascular tissues.
their cell wall is formed through the chaitin chitin
Their main accumulated food is glycogen, oll drops.
Their genitals or genitalia is unicellular.
They produce the generations through the haploid spore, vegetative propagation and sexually production.
Some fungi are symbiotic and association with algal cells. These sym biotics/symbionts are termed I called to be Lichens.
The importance of fungi :
The fungi are heteromorphic organisms and so, they require organic compounds for nutrition. they feed on dead orga nic matter, for this reason they also called sprophytes.
Saprophytes decompose complex plant and animal remains, breaking them down into simpler chemical substances that are turn- ed to the soil and thereby increasing soil fertility:
Thus they can be quite beneficial to humans. Because they used to make foods,
as a source of protein and antibiotic medicines
Moreover They used to the alcohols industry, bread industry, and abo medicines industry. At present fungi is used as a genetics material to the genetic researches
Saprophytes fungi is used to removal of poison materials from the environment through the decomposed.
Reproduction of fungi :-
Fungi may produce their generations through the following processes:
Sexually: Sexually reproduction is carried out by fusion of the compatible nuclei of two parent cells. The process of sexual
reproduction beings with the joining of two cells and fusion of their protoplasts. The sex organelless of fungi. If they are present ope celed gametangia. There are different between male and female gametangia morphologically. Male ganetangium is called antheridium. And female gametangi is called ogonium.
types of sexual spores:
Ascospores: These is a single celles spores. It is produced in a sac. This sac also called an ascus.
Basidiospores: these single celled spores
are borne on a club shaped structure is
called a basidium.
Zygospores: these are large, thick walled spores which formed when the tips of two sexually compatible hypae of certain fungi fuse together.
Oospores: These are formed within a special female structure of the oogonium.
Asexually: Asexually reproduction dose not involved the union of nucles. There are four types of asexually reproductions in fungi.
Fission: It implies that somatic cells produced two similar daughter cells. For example rhizopus.
Budding: ft implies that somatic cells an spores produce a new organisms from an outgrowth bud due to cell division at one particular site. For example: Sacchromyces
Fragmentation: It implies that, disjointing of the hyphal cells and each fragment becoming a new organism i.e. Penicillium.
Spore formation: It implies that, whose function is to disseminate the species
Salient features of aetinomycetes:
Salient features of actinomycetes:
They are the organisms with characteristics common to both bacteria and fungi. They are gram positive bacteria.
They form spores.
Many species of actinomycetes occur in soil.
Actinomycetes are not harmfull for plants, also for animal. They are important pathogens. And most of others beneficial sources for antibiotics.
Example: streptomyce and Nocardia.
actinomycetes increase according to the depth of soil. They are heterotrophic, aerobic, mesophilic, thermophilies.
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